Nonlinear electromagnetic gyrokinetic equation for plasmas with large mean flows

A new nonlinear electromagnetic gyrokinetic equation is derived for plasmas with large flow velocities on the order of the ion thermal speed. The gyrokinetic equation derived here is given in the form which is valid for general magnetic geometries including the slab, cylindrical and toroidal configurations. The source term for the anomalous viscosity arising through the Reynolds stress is identified in the gyrokinetic equation. For the toroidally rotating plasma, particle, energy and momentum balance equations as well as the detailed definitions of the anomalous transport fluxes and the anomalous entropy production are shown. The quasilinear anomalous transport matrix connecting the conjugate pairs of the anomalous fluxes and the forces satisfies the Onsager symmetry. (author)