Detection and identification techniques for illicitly trafficked radioactive materials (II)

Detection and identification of radioactive substances is an important part of the overall strategy against illicit trafficking. After a brief introduction to the topic, the paper discusses the framework which defines the characteristics and sets the goals of the detection effort, paying attention to national policy decisions regarding specific detection limits and response strategies. Response in general and different alarm conditions are discussed. A detailed overview of technical principles and recent developments of instruments is presented. Various types of instruments foreseen for applications in combating illicit trafficking are reviewed. The actual deployment of instruments is discussed, both in view of the type of material to be located and the type of checkpoint or means of transport where detection will take place. Attention is paid to considerations of general concern for the detection process, comprising the measurement effort, a possible alarm indication and the conclusions drawn upon assessing the situation. A short section on recommendations summarizes findings of a general nature and insights in instrument selection, choice of investigation level and training. The paper concludes with a brief overview of instrument comparison and testing activities. (author)