Probing the secrets of solid surfaces

To maintain the integrity and safe operation of electrical generating plant an understanding of the behaviour of materials under conditions of extreme stress, temperature and environment for long periods of time, sometimes up to 30 years, is essential. Attention is focussed on the properties of a surface. The different methods of surface examination are discussed, including X-ray energy analysis: electron probe micro-analysis, electron spectroscopy: Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The application of some of these methods in the examination of Nimonic 80A pre-oxidised CAGR fuel cladding, and the oxidation of magnox are described. (U.K.)