Modification of the association between high ambient temperature and health by urban microclimate indicators: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Highlights: • We summarized epidemiology papers that assessed modification of heat and health associations by microclimate indicators. • Temperature and health associations were stronger among those living in hotter and less vegetated areas within cities. • Further research on relationships between landscape, localized temperature, and health will advance current understanding. Landscape characteristics, including vegetation and impervious surfaces, influence urban microclimates and may lead to within-city differences in the adverse health effects of high ambient temperatures.