Selective stress of antibiotics on microbial denitrification: Inhibitory effects, dynamics of microbial community structure and function

Highlights: • Selective stress of commonly used antibiotics on denitrification was observed. • Inhibitory on denitrification in varied degree by four antibiotics. • Repeated addition decreased the abundance of denitrifying community structure. • Low expressed narG, nirS and nosZ gene verified the inhibited denitrification. Antibiotics commonly exist in municipal, livestock and industrial wastewaters. However, the response of key microbiota performance in wastewater treatment plants to antibiotic exposure lacks systematic research. In this study, the short-term acute stress of four commonly used antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin) on microbial denitrification performance was systematically investigated. All tested antibiotics exhibited the inhibitory effects in varying degrees by repeated addition for six cycles. The nitrate removal efficiencies (NrE) decreased to 7.98–26.80%, accompanied by the significant decrease of the expressed narG gene, by exposure to sulfamethoxazole, chlortetracycline or amoxicillin. Nitrite reduction was inhibited more severely than nitrate reduction, which was further verified by the low- or non-expressed nirS and nosZ genes. Furthermore, a higher antibiotic concentration made stronger inhibitory effect. Except for chlortetracycline, 2.09–6.80 times decrease of k value was commonly observed as concentration increased from 10 to 50 or 100 mg L⁻¹. Even in a short period (24 h), antibiotics largely decreased the abundance of the dominant denitrifying bacterial genera (Thauera, Comamonas, etc.), while, some unclassified populations (Labrenzia, Longilinea, etc.) were enriched. This study provides theoretical researches on the microbial denitrification behaviors influenced by exposure to different antibiotics.