Wavenumber shift due to nonlinear plasma and wave interaction

Wavenumber shift of the ion Bernstein wave has been observed in the particle-in-cell simulations when the input power of the injected wave is sufficiently large. It is demonstrated that the increase of the total kinetic energy of ions, including both the thermal energy related to the random thermal motion and the oscillation energy due to the coherent motion with the wave, gives rise to such change of the wavenumber. However, the velocity distribution function of the ions can approximately be fitted as a Maxwellian distribution function, and thus, the linear dispersion relation still holds, provided that the initial ion temperature is replaced by the effective temperature measured in the simulation.