New insights into an old issue: exploring the nexus between economic growth and CO₂ emissions in China

It is globally acceptable that carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are one of the greenhouse gases are considered the main factor influencing global warming and environmental degradation. The present study focuses on China, the world's largest carbon emitter. The study aims to capture the time-frequency dependency of economic growth and CO₂ emissions in China for the time period 1950-2016 using a wavelet coherence approach, which allows us to investigate both the long-run and short-run causal links of the estimated variables. In order to capture the long-run and causal linkage between economic growth and CO₂ emissions, the study employs Maki cointegration, wavelet coherence, Toda-Yamamoto causality, Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality, and nonparametric Granger causality tests. The findings of this study reveal that (i) there is a significant vulnerability between economic growth and CO₂ emissions throughout the 2000s both the short-term and medium-term; (ii) there is long-run cointegration linkage between economic growth and CO₂ emissions in China; (iii) economic growth in China has an important power for predicting CO₂ emissions over the selected study period, especially in the short-term and medium-term; and (iv) it was observed that there is positive correlation between economic growth during the 1980s and 1990s in the short-term only. The outcome of the Toda-Yamamoto causality, Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality, and nonparametric Granger causality tests underlines that economic growth is a robust policy variable for predicting CO₂ emissions in China.