Direct cosmic-ray detection

One century after the discovery of cosmic rays, many questions remain open on their origin, nature, and transport. Experiments to detect them directly have constantly improved, and are today of highly diversified designs. Indeed, precise measurements of cosmic rays in an energy range from ∼104 to ∼1015 eV allow one to study the mechanism of acceleration of primary cosmic rays up to very high energy, to characterise their possible sources, and to clarify their interactions with the interstellar medium. Such measurements of elemental cosmic-ray spectra require complementary and redundant charge- and energy-identification detectors, such as the balloon-borne Cosmic-Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) experiment, which measures cosmic rays from 1012 to 1015 eV for all elements up to and including iron. Here I present the current status of direct cosmic-ray measurements, with the focus on the latest CREAM results. Finally, I briefly discuss the cosmic-ray identification above the knee.