Highly-charged ions at electron-volt energies and below: Production, storage, and measurements

Goals of thermal multicharged ions for collision and spectroscopic studies, and of subthermal antiprotons for gravitational tests and atomic and nuclear measurements, lead to requirements of capture, confinement, and cooling of these charges. Storage of recoil ions in a radio-frequency trap, synchrotron radiation production of stored multicharged ions near room temperature, and external injection of ions into a Penning trap are discussed, and used as a basis for speculations on achieving higher charge states, lower energies, and neutral antimatter. (orig.)