Production of 3. generation biofuels from microalgae

Given the depletion of fossil fuels and to meet a growing demand for transportation energy, scientists are now turning towards an almost inexhaustible and renewable resource: biomass. As biomass, microalgae represent a potential source of biofuel because they may contain high levels of lipids and hydrocarbons. Their extremely fast growth, the use of CO₂ and solar energy for their growth and the absence of competition with traditional agriculture makes microalgae very appealing. Two thermochemical routes of valorisation of μ-algae have been investigated. At first, we studied the hydroconversion of triglycerides with a model molecule (GTO) and then real feedstocks (fish oil and Nannochloropsis oil obtained by supercritical CO₂ extraction) on CoMoS and NiMoS type catalysts. High yields of alkanes (60-70 wt%) similar to fossil fuels were obtained. In a second step, we studied the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and other algae without heterogeneous catalyst to optimize the process for different operating conditions with the obtention of a maximum bio-oil yield of 35 %wtt. However, the high levels of nitrogen and oxygen (8-10 wt%) does not allow to directly use it as fuel. This has led us to perform an upgrading of the bio-oil with heterogeneous catalysts of CoMo, NiMoS, NiMoS-Y and SrMoO₄-N types to remove nitrogen and oxygen in the bio-oil. The most performant catalyst was SrMoO₄-N, with a final content of 70 %wt of alkanes. (author)