Do the state-of-the-art simulation codes explain emulsion chamber data at mountain altitude?

Experimental data observed by emulsion chambers at Pamir and Chacaltaya are compared with simulation calculations using CORSIKA program employing VENUS and HDPM for high energy hadronic interactions. Although these models are considered to be based on modern theory and are widely-accepted as standard simulation codes, it is shown that no models can explain many characteristics observed in the experiments