The TW Hya Rosetta Stone Project. II. Spatially Resolved Emission of Formaldehyde Hints at Low-temperature Gas-phase Formation

Formaldehyde (H₂CO) is an important precursor to organics like methanol (CH₃OH). It is important to understand the conditions that produce H₂CO and prebiotic molecules during star and planet formation. H₂CO possesses both gas-phase and solid-state formation pathways, involving either UV-produced radical precursors or CO ice and cold (≲20 K) dust grains. To understand which pathway dominates, gaseous H₂CO's ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) has been used as a probe, with a value of 3 indicating "warm" conditions and <3 linked to cold formation in the solid state. We present spatially resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of multiple ortho- and para-H₂CO transitions in the TW Hya protoplanetary disk to test H₂CO formation theories during planet formation. We find disk-averaged rotational temperatures and column densities of 33 ± 2 K, (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10¹² cm⁻² and 25 ± 2 K, (4.4 ± 0.3) × 10¹¹ cm⁻² for ortho- and para-H₂CO, respectively, and an OPR of 2.49 ± 0.23. A radially resolved analysis shows that the observed H₂CO emits mostly at rotational temperatures of 30–40 K, corresponding to a layer with z/R ≥ 0.25. The OPR is consistent with 3 within 60 au, the extent of the pebble disk, and decreases beyond 60 au to 2.0 ± 0.5. The latter corresponds to a spin temperature of 12 K, well below the rotational temperature. The combination of relatively uniform emitting conditions, a radial gradient in the OPR, and recent laboratory experiments and theory on OPR ratios after sublimation, led us to speculate that gas-phase formation is responsible for the observed H₂CO across the TW Hya disk.