J–V and C–V investigation of the effect of small molecular fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite solar cell

To find the ideal acceptors for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and get insight into the dielectric property at the interface between perovskite and acceptor, series of small molecular fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors were comparatively investigated. Fullerene acceptors based PSCs show higher performance than non-fullerene acceptors based PSCs. However, the perylene tetracarboxylic diimide based PSC has achieved a η _PCE of 4.70%, implying that it is a promising acceptor candidate for PSCs because of its suitable energy level, high electron mobility, and smooth surface. By employing double acceptors of (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/C₆₀ or PCBM/3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole, the PSC stability is greatly improved even without performance enhancement. The perovskite (Pero)/PCBM film shows smooth surface, suggesting that PCBM penetrates into the Pero layer. The hydrophobicity trend of Pero/acceptor composite films is same as the device performance by judging from the water contact angle, and Pero/PCBM as well as Pero/C₆₀ show higher hydrophobicity than other Pero/small-molecular-acceptor composite films. Capacitance–voltage characteristics of the series of single and double acceptor based PSCs were measured. The double acceptor based PSCs show larger depletion layer width ( W _d) than single acceptor based PSCs. Meanwhile, the defect density ( N _A) in Pero layer for single acceptor based PSCs is larger than that for double acceptor based PSCs, implying better n-doping of Pero layer by using a single acceptor. (paper)