Evaluation and correction of isotope ratio inaccuracy on inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Isotope ratio measurements are found to have systematic bias when using the analog detection mode on an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. This bias is dependent upon the value of the ratio, the intensity of the signal, and the gain of the electron multiplier tube. The error should not appear if ion counting is employed instead of analog detection, although analog detection with time-of-flight has other distinct advantages. The cause of this isotope ratio inaccuracy is rooted in disproportionate recording of the analog signal because of the need to filter out noise by blocking analog signals below a threshold voltage. This attenuates smaller signals to a greater degree than larger signals. This variable 'detection efficiency' causes a larger systematic error in the isotopic ratio as the isotopic abundances become more disparate. Ratios close to unity are generally accurate within the precision of the measurement. The use of an increased gain on the detector leads to improved ratio accuracy, but at the cost of decreased detector lifetime. This research presents a method of analyzing solutions using natural, known isotopic ratios to produce an efficiency correction curve. The average error of several isotope ratios for a 500 ng/mL solution of various elements with ratios between 3.4 and 10 was found to be 6.5% without correction, 3.0% with increased detector gain, 1.1% with efficiency correction and 0.6% with both increased gain and efficiency correction