Study of nuclear bremsstrahlung in the model independent approach

The bremsstrahlung cross section for the scattering of protons by 12C near the 1.7-MeV resonance has been measured by the Bologna group and the Brooklyn group. In this study, we have included in our calculations the correction terms in the Feshbach-Yennie approximation and have extracted the time delay in the P-12C reaction from the data of the Brooklyn group. The +p process near the (1236) has been systematically studied by an experimental group at UCLA. Recently, Liou and Nutt reported a calculation using the soft-photon approximation and their results agree very well with experiment for coplanar events. We have extended their calculation to noncoplanar cases and have found that the soft-photon approximation of Liou and Nutt can describe the experimental data very well not only for coplanar cases but also for noncoplanar cases for most photon angles. In addition, we have also used the Feshbach-Yennie approximation to calculate the +p cross sections. This approximation always predicts a bump in the bremsstrahlung spectrum, although the bump may be small for some photon angles. In most cases, the predicted cross sections are in good agreement with the UCLA data. However, the data for some angles can only be described by the Feshbach-Yennie approximation, and the peak cross section is too large at some angles. We have applied the soft-photon approximation of Liou and Nutt to calculate the proton-proton bremsstrahlung (pp) cross section and have compared our results with the experimental data at 730, 157, 48 and 42 MeV. We have found that we can use the soft-photon approximation to calculate the R-type cross section without any difficulty, but we cannot use the same approximation to predict the H-type cross section without some ambiguity. We have also applied the Feshbach-Yennie approximation to the pp process at 730-MeV taking into account the principal and correction terms