Long-term Study of the Solar Filaments from the Synoptic Maps as Derived from $H_{\alpha }$ Spectroheliograms of the Kodaikanal Observatory

The century long (1914–2007) $H_{\alpha }$ (656.28 nm) spectroheliograms from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have been recently digitized. Using these newly calibrated, processed images we study the evolution of dark elongated on-disk structures called filaments, which are potential representatives of magnetic activities on the Sun. To our knowledge, this is the oldest uniform digitized data set with daily images available today in $H_{\alpha }$. We generate Carrington maps for the entire time duration and try to find the correlations with maps of the same Carrington rotation from the Ca ii K KSO data. Filaments are segmented from the Carrington maps using a semi-automated technique and are studied individually to extract their centroids and tilts. We plot the time-latitude distribution of the filament centroids, producing a butterfly diagram which clearly shows the presence of poleward migration. We separate polar filaments for each cycle and try to estimate the delay between the polar filament number cycle and the sunspot number cycle peaks. We correlate this delay with the delay between polar reversal and sunspot number maxima. This provides new insight on the role of polar filaments on polar reversal.