Beam coupling impedances of obstacles protruding into a beam pipe

The beam coupling impedances of small obstacles protruding inside the vacuum chamber of an accelerator are calculated at frequencies for which the wavelength is large compared to a typical size of the obstacle. Formulas for a few important particular cases including both essentially three-dimensional objects like a post or a mask and axisymmetric irises, are presented. These results allow simple practical estimates of the broadband impedance contributions from such discontinuities. copyright 1997 The American Physical Society