Thermal Characteristics of 3D Nanofluid Flow over a Convectively Heated Riga Surface in a Darcy–Forchheimer Porous Material with Linear Thermal Radiation: An Optimal Analysis

This paper focuses primarily on the thermal analysis of the steady, three-dimensional flow of CMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) base fluid with Cu nanoparticles through the implantation plate of Riga in a porous Darcy–Forchheimer material with internal heat generation (absorption) effects. Thermophysical feature of CMC is taken into account with Al₂O₃ nanoparticle in it. Also, thermal radiation and convective boundary constraint are considered into account. Adequate transformations of the issue controlling formulas produce a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The optimal homotopy analysis method is used for calculating the parameters values impacts. The expressions of local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are studied and debated. The physical influences of all emerging parameters are debated on graphically forms. The findings suggest that with higher values of Hartmann number, the skin friction in y-direction decreases on the contrary in the case of x-direction, while the Hartmann number increases the rate of heat transportation. Besides, the addition values of thermal radiation and Biot number enhance the rate of heat transport. Comparisons have been made with published literature, and an excellent agreement is clear. This underlines the importance of the study in potential medical and industrial cooling applications.