Measurement and evaluation of saturations for water, ethanol and a light non-aqueous phase liquid in a porous medium by gamma attenuation

The gamma attenuation technique is generally used to determine the properties of porous media. In this experimental study, this technique was used to define porosity, fluid content and liquid saturation of a porous medium. 60Co (1332 keV) as the gamma source, the Ottawa sand as a homogeneous porous medium and water, ethanol, LNAPL (toluene) as liquids were used in the experimental set-up. Experiments were performed for all liquids at three stages: the primary imbibition, the gravity drainage and the secondary imbibition