Nuclear structure is governed by the fundamental laws of electromagnetism

Contradicting interpretations of the nuclear force as given by two contrasted approaches like the meson theory and the quantum chromodynamics, are overcome here by reviving the basic electromagnetic laws which are applicable on the existing charged sub-constituents in nucleons. On this basis, considerable charge distributions in nucleons as multiples of 2e/3 and -e/3 are determined after a careful analysis of the magnetic moments and the results of the deep inelastic scattering. Basic equations derived from the distributed charges of oriented spins of nucleons give strong and short ranged forces leading exactly to the binding energies of deuteron and other nuclei. According to these interactions, p-p and n-n systems repel and only the p-n bonds form rectangles and closely packed parallelepipeds providing an excellent description of nuclear properties. In this dynamic subject, such contrary forces create structures of saturation and of finite number of nucleons. They also invalidate the charge independence hypothesis and differ fundamentally from the central potential and the effects of the Pauli principle of the electronic configurations responsible for the development of two different models like the Fermi gas and nuclear shell. There are two kinds of p-n bonds, which imply anisotropy, leading often to elongated shaped of vibrational and rotational modes of excitation, while the surface tension contributes to the creation of non-elongated shapes with stable arrangements. Finally, for A>40 a type of shell structure provides new rules for understanding the structure of magic nuclei for N>Z and the increasing ratio N/Z with A. (author)