Highly stable copper/carbon dot nanofluid

Copper/carbon dot nanohybrids (Cu/CD NHs) were prepared via a facile precipitation method through a disproportionation reaction. The surface characterization was performed by various techniques such as XRD, FTIR and TEM. Then, water-based nanofluids composed of Cu/CD NHs at 0.1 and 0.5 mass% were prepared, and their thermo-physical properties including thermal conductivity, viscosity, density and specific heat were evaluated at various temperatures. The water-based Cu/CD nanofluid demonstrated to be a potential heat transfer fluid with a high stability. It was found that the thermal conductivity can be enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle concentration and temperature. Almost 1.25-fold increase in thermal conductivity has been achieved by raising the temperature up to 50 °C and at the concentration of 0.5 mass%. The heat capacity was found to increase with increasing concentration. Moreover, by increasing temperature the density and viscosity of the as-prepared nanofluid decreased, whereas the heat capacity showed an increasing trend.