Interventional orthopedic radiology

Fluoroscopy, computed tomography, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine provide the ideal tools to guide interventional procedures that can greatly assist the orthopedic surgeon and other clinicians. This paper discusses interventional radiographic procedures other than arthrography, thus providing the reader with the necessary information concerning techniques, indications, and complications related to these procedures. The discussion includes bone biopsy (including disk space aspirations), facet injections, sinograms, diskography, and nerve root sheath injections. These procedures assist in diagnosis, surgical planning, and most importantly, avoiding unnecessary surgery