Lattice quantum chromodynamics at the physical point and beyond

We review the work of the PACS-CS Collaboration, which aimed to realize lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations at the physical point, i.e., those with quark masses set at physical values. This has been a long-term goal of lattice QCD simulation since its inception in 1979. After reviewing the algorithmic progress, which played a key role in this development, we summarize the simulations that explored the quark mass dependence of hadron masses down to values close to the physical point. In addition to allowing a reliable determination of the light hadron mass spectrum, this work provided clues on the validity range of chiral perturbation theory, which is widely used in phenomenology. We then describe the application of the technique of quark determinant reweighting, which enables lattice QCD calculations exactly on the physical point. The physical quark masses and the strong coupling constants are fundamental constants of the strong interaction. We describe a non-perturbative Schrödinger functional approach to figure out the non-perturbative renormalization needed to calculate them. There are a number of physical applications that can benefit from lattice QCD calculations carried out either near or at the physical point. We take up three illustrative examples: calculation of the physical properties of the ρ meson as a resonance, the electromagnetic form factor and charge radius of the pion, and charmed meson spectroscopy. Bringing single hadron properties under control opens up a number of new areas for serious lattice QCD research. One such area is electromagnetic effects in hadronic properties. We discuss the combined QCD plus QED simulation strategy and present results on electromagnetic mass difference. Another area is multi-hadron states, or nuclei. We discuss the motivations and difficulties in this area, and describe our work for deuteron and helium as our initial playground. We conclude with a brief discussion on the future perspective of lattice QCD. (author)