Microstructural analysis of neutron-irradiated martensitic steels

Four martensitic steels for fusion applications were examined by transmission electron microscopy after irradiation in the fast flux test facility (FFTF) at 420 C to 7.8.1026 n/m2 (E>0.1 MeV), about 35 dpa. There were two commercial steels, 9Cr-1MoVNb and 12Cr-1MoVW, and two experimental reduced-activation steels, 9Cr-2WV and 9Cr-2WVTa. Before irradiation, the tempered martensite microstructures of the four steels contained a high dislocation density, and the major precipitate was M23C6 carbide, with few MC carbides. Irradiation caused minor changes in these precipitates. Voids were found in all irradiated specimens, but swelling remained below 1%, with the 9Cr-1MoVNb having the highest void density. Although the 12Cr-1MoVW steel showed the best swelling resistance, it also contained the highest density of radiation-induced new phases, which were identified as chi-phase and possibly α'. Radiation-induced chi-phase was also observed in the 9Cr-1MoVNb steel. The two reduced-activation steels showed very stable behavior under irradiation: a high density of dislocation loops replaced the original high dislocation density; moderate void swelling occurred, and no new phase formed. The differences in microstructural evolution of the steels can explain some of the mechanical properties observations made in these steels. (orig.)