Cell-friendly photo-functionalized TiO2 nano-micro-honeycombs for selectively preventing bacteria and platelet adhesion

Highlights: • TiO₂ honeycomb structures with micro-pores and nano-frames were fabricated. • TiO₂ Honeycomb showed improved antibacterial/ anticoagulant ability and cell affinity. • Photofunctionalized TiO₂ honeycomb showed excellent antibacterial/ anticoagulant ability and good cell affinity. • The synergistic effect of photofunctionalized TiO₂ and honeycomb structure on bacterial, platelets, and cells' adhesion was discussed. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely used biomaterial. It is a great challenge to confer antibacterial and antithrombotic properties to TiO₂ while maintaining its cell affinity. Here, we developed a new strategy to achieve the above goal by comprehensively controlling the chemical cues and geometrical cues of the surface of TiO₂. Using colloidal etching technology and UV irradiation treatment, we obtained the photofunctionalized nano-micro-honeycomb structured TiO₂. The honeycomb structured increased the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂, which endowed TiO₂ with photo-induced superhydrophilicity to inhibit bacterial adhesion. The high photocatalytic activity also induced the strong photocatalytic oxidation of TiO₂ surface organic adsorbates to suppress fibrinogen and platelet attachment. In addition, owing to the micropore trapping-isolation effect on the bacteria and the nano-frames' contact guidance effect on the growth and spreading of platelet pseudopods, the honeycomb structure also shows a considerable inhibiting effect on bacterial and platelet adhesion. Therefore, due to the controlled chemical and geometrical cues' synergistic effect, the photo-functionalized TiO₂ honeycomb structure shows excellent bacterial-adhesion resistance and antithrombotic properties. More importantly, the photo-functionalized TiO₂ honeycomb did not inhibit the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells (ECs) after culturing for 3 d, indicating a good cell affinity that the traditional antifouling surfaces do not possess.