Novel bone wax based on tricalcium silicate cement and BGs mixtures

Classic bone wax is effectively hemostatic and low-cost, but it has shortcomings like infection and nonabsorbability. A novel self-curing bone wax was developed by mixing tricalcium silicate (C₃S) cement and 58S bioactive glass/chitosan/carboxy methyl cellulose (BG/CS/CMC, referred to as BGs) to overcome these problems. It was found that the addition of BGs improved anti-washout and operational properties of C₃S, and C₃S had good self-curing and mechanical behavior. C₃S/BGs with a mass ratio of 2:1 possessed better material performance in the setting time, mechanical strength, and injection property in the test group. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation ability of C₃S/BGs. The cell compatibility was investigated in vitro by culturing mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) in the extract of C₃S/BGs. The results showed that the bone wax compound presented low cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation. (paper)