An analytical protocol for determining the elemental chemistry of Quaternary sediments using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

The modern geologist has a plethora of portable digital tools at their disposal including, GPS, in-field computers providing access to imagery, maps, and on site real time geochemistry provided by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF). This paper presents an analytical protocol for the examination of Quaternary glaciogenic sediments derived from different bedrock terrains using a portable spectrometer. The protocol outlines best practices for the collection of geochemical data using pXRF from glacoiogenic sediments with generally continental crustal abundance elemental concentrations at a fraction of the cost of traditional laboratory methods. The analytical protocol considers 1) sample preparation, 2) sample analysis, and 3) data cleaning, examination and presentation. The protocol takes into consideration pXRF fundamentals related to, instrument configuration, and an assessment of measurement parameters, including peak overlaps, dwell time, instrument drift, in-situ versus processed samples, variable grain size and moisture content effects, and comparison to traditional laboratory methods. Protocol development occurred over a number of years and analysis of over 4000 geological samples and ~9000 analysis of Certified and Standard Reference Materials.