Nanostructures and pinholes on W surfaces exposed to high flux D plasma at high temperatures

Nanostructures and pinholes formed on tungsten surface exposed to high fluxes (10²⁴ m⁻² s⁻¹) deuterium ions at 943 K and 1073 K were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. Nanostructure formation is observed at 943 K and 1073 K, and exhibits a strong dependence on the surface orientation. With increasing fluence, pinholes appear on the surface and are mainly observed on grains with surface normal near [1 1 1]. The pinholes are speculated to be caused by the rupture of bubbles formed near the surface. The formation of pinholes has no obvious relationship with the surface nanostructures