Controlling occupational exposure at Finland's Loviisa PWRs

The two VVER-440 PWRS at Loviisa, in commercial operation since 1977 and 1980 respectively, have recorded annual collective doses, including both plant staff and outside contractors, of less than 0.9 man-Sv per unit. Reasons for this low exposure include plant design features, waste handling arrangements, administrative procedures, and, perhaps most important, short annual outages. (author)