Fast crystallization of amorphous Gd₂Zr₂O₇ induced by thermally activated electron-beam irradiation

We investigate the ionization and displacement effects of an electron-beam (e-beam) on amorphous Gd₂Zr₂O₇ synthesized by the co-precipitation and calcination methods. The as-received amorphous specimens were irradiated under electron beams at different energies (80 keV, 120 keV, and 2 MeV) and then characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A metastable fluorite phase was observed in nanocrystalline Gd₂Zr₂O₇ and is proposed to arise from the relatively lower surface and interface energy compared with the pyrochlore phase. Fast crystallization could be induced by 120 keV e-beam irradiation (beam current = 0.47 mA/cm²). The crystallization occurred on the nanoscale upon ionization irradiation at 400 °C after a dose of less than 10¹⁷ electrons/cm². Under e-beam irradiation, the activation energy for the grain growth process was approximately 10 kJ/mol, but the activation energy was 135 kJ/mol by calcination in a furnace. The thermally activated ionization process was considered the fast crystallization mechanism