Review on conventional preparation, properties of graphene and growth of graphene from fruit wastes

Innovation in nanocomposites preparation of graphene is on a surge for its unique applications in energy and environment. Conventional method of preparation of graphene has been elaborated along with its futuristic scope of preparation from fruit waste. Graphene synthesized by top to bottom and bottom to top approaches has been elaborated with a note on its properties and characterization. Biomass and its precursors serve as a promising sources for achieving high surface area and stability. The abundant availability of fruit waste with carbon and nitrogen source yields graphene for suitable mechanical and thermal-based applications. Further, the choice of preparation method and reduction in product cost from the fruit waste needs many testing and trials to optimize different variables. This review summarizes the fruit wastes as precursor for preparation, characterization, and applications of graphene. Comparison of the choice of preparation and its performance for different applications will guide the commercialization of graphene for any versatile application. (author)