Additional policy options for 'Clean and Efficient'

This report examines effects and costs of policy options, aimed at attaining the targets of the 'Schoon en Zuinig' (Clean and Efficient) policy programme for energy and climate, introduced in 2007. According to this programme, greenhouse gas emissions have to be reduced by 30% in 2020 compared to 1990; the annual energy efficiency improvement has to increase to 2% and the share of renewable energy production in total consumption in 2020 has to increase to 20%. The policies have been selected by the responsible ministries. The examined policy options are additional to the policy variant with fixed and proposed policy measures as included in the Reference Projection 2010-2020. The policy options serve to reduce the gap between realisations and the targets. The report examines each policy option separately, and does not quantify the interactions between options. Nor does it quantify the cumulative effect of the options. The calculated effects include the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy savings and the contribution to renewable energy production. Costs include national costs (a representation of societal costs) and end-user costs. Where possible, the report specifies effects on government budgets as well. The report also includes measures directed at bringing a number of emission sources under the European Carbon Emissions trading system.