From vulnerability to resilience, thoughts about the protection in case of extreme disaster - The case of management of consequences of the explosion of a nuclear plant in Fukushima

After a recall of the origin of the concept of resiliency, and of the development of its use (first in material physics, and then in psychology), the author comments the mixed use of psychological, ecological and urban resiliency, and of other approaches in the case of the management of the consequences of the Fukushima accident. It appears that the original notion is impoverished. The author illustrates this trend by commenting the evolving levels of admitted radioactivity in concerned territories in order to impede people to run away. She discusses statements made by different experts or actors to justify or criticise this variability of safety standards. She also refers to the Chernobyl accident as the Fukushima accident was assigned with the same level. She outlines that activity of some companies which promote the distribution of products from contaminated areas denies the nuclear risk or any other industrial pollution. She also discusses the use of the notion of empowerment while citizen sometime consider dialogue as a pseudo-one.