Consequences of structures in the beta strength function for nuclear physics and astrophysics

The consequences of structures in the beta strength function Ssub(β) for various fields of nuclear physics and astrophysics are discussed. Structures that are shown to arise mainly from back-spin-flip, core-polarized, and spin-flip states and from the second E1 (ΔT=-1, etasub(tau)=-1) mode are not taken into account in the widely used gross theory of β decay or in any of the presently existing calculations for the synthesis of heavy elements. It is shown that these structures strongly affect β-decay half-lives, β-delayed particle emission, β-delayed fission, and in this way all calculations for synthesis of heavy and superheavy nuclides by astrophysical and thermonuclear processes. They are also important in optimizing the emergency cooling system of nuclear reactors with regard to cost and safety. An outlook on possibilities for further experimental studies of the shape of Ssub(β) is given. (author)