Seasonal variations on trace element bioaccumulation and trophic transfer along a freshwater food chain in Argentina

Río Tercero Reservoir (RTR) is the largest artificial reservoir in the province of Córdoba (Argentina). Water, sediment, plankton, shrimp (Palaemonetes argentinus), and fish (Odontesthes bonariensis) were collected during the wet season (WS) and dry season (DS) from this reservoir. Concentrations of Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Se, U, and Zn were determined to investigate their respective bioaccumulation pattern and trophic transfer in the food chain. Results showed that their concentrations in water were rather low except Pb, which exceed the limits considered as hazardous for aquatic life. The enrichment factor (EF) in sediments showed that most of the element were derived from anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) determined that the elements undergo bioaccumulation, especially in organisms such as plankton. The invertebrates were characterized by the highest BAF for Cu, P, and Zn in both seasons; Ag, As, and Hg during WS; and Se during DS. Fish muscle registered the highest BAF for Hg (DS) and Se (WS). A significant decrease in Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu (DS) Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, U, and Zn (DS) concentrations through the trophic chain was observed, indicating biodilution. Some notable exceptions were found as Cu (WS), Hg (DS), and P (both season) that showed biomagnification. Further studies are needed to establish differential behavior with different species and pollutant, particularly when the potential transfer is to edible organisms.