Some new results on the frequency characteristics of quartz crystals irradiated by ionizing and particle radiations

Investigations are made on the frequency behavior of AT-cut quartz crystals irradiated by X-, γ-rays, and fast neutrons. Initial instability in frequency for γ- and neutron irradiated crystals is found. All the different radiations first give a negative frequency shift at lower doses which is followed by positive frequency shift for increased doses. An explanation of the results in terms of the fundamental crystal structure consideration is offered. Applications of the frequency results for radiation hardening are proposed. (author)