Energy in the 21st Century: from resource to environmental and lifestyle constraints

After more than 15 years of energy global studies it appears that resource limits and volatile prices are no longer the most important determinants of future energy systems. Instead, improved social and environmental compatibility of energy systems is now in the forefront. In view of increasing concerns about energy-related sources of global change, the paper discusses transitional strategies and policy measures towards sustainable energy development. They encompass a wide range of techno-economic adjustments such as efficiency improvements, shift to low and carbon-free fuels and enhancement of carbon sinks on one hand, and social-behavioral responses such as changes in private and leisure energy use on the other. 12 refs