Resistance to a chemical pesticide increases vulnerability to a biopesticide: Effects on direct mortality and mortality by predation

Highlights: • Pesticide control needs to consider both target and non-target species. • Control can reduce resistance by more impacting resistant strains of target species. • A cost of chlorpyrifos resistance was only visible when exposed to the pesticide Bti. • Bti exposure caused more direct mortality and predation in the resistant strain. • Chlorpyrifos and Bti interacted antagonistically in the mixture. -- Abstract: Pesticide mixtures are increasingly used to fight pest species that developed resistance to pesticides. To assess the pesticide control efficiency and to reduce ecological damage to non-target species, it is important to quantify the effect of these mixtures and compare them with the effect of their single pesticides on pest species, non-target species and their predator-prey interactions. We studied the effects of the chemical pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF), the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and their mixture both on the direct mortality and on the mortality by predation. We focused on larvae of a CPF-resistant and a non-resistant strain of the vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and its predator, the pygmy backswimmer Plea minutissima. In the CPF-Bti mixture, both pesticides interacted antagonistically for direct mortality. Exposure to the mixture caused equal direct mortality and equal mortality by predation in both strains. As expected, exposure to CPF resulted in less direct mortality and less mortality by predation in the CPF-resistant mosquito strain compared to the non-resistant strain. Notably, Bti caused a higher mortality in the mosquito larvae of the CPF-resistant strain compared to the non-resistant strain. Furthermore, the predator killed more mosquito larvae of the resistant strain compared to the non-resistant strain when exposed before to Bti alone. These observations identify a novel cost of resistance to a chemical pesticide in terms of increased vulnerability to a biopesticide.