New physics, Dark matter and cosmology in the light of Large Hadron Collider

In the first part of this thesis, we review the Universal Extra-Dimensional Model compactified on a S¹/Z₂ orbifold, and the renormalisation group evolution of quark and lepton masses, mixing angles and phases both in the UED extension of the Standard Model and of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (the five-dimensional MSSM). We consider two typical scenarios: all matter fields propagating in the bulk, and matter fields constrained on the brane. The two possibilities give rise to quite different behaviours. For the quark sector we study the Yukawa couplings and various flavor observables and for the neutrino sector, we study the evolution of neutrino masses, mixing angles and phases. The analysis is performed in the two cases for different values of tan β and different radii of compactification. The resulting renormalisation group evolution equations in these scenarios are compared with the existing results in the literature, together with their implications. In the second part, we present a simulation study about anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking and its extensions. Anomaly mediation is a popular and well- motivated supersymmetry breaking scenario. Different possible detailed realisations of this set-up are studied and actively searched for at colliders. Apart from limits coming from flavour, low energy physics and direct collider searches, these models are usually constrained by the requirement of reproducing the observations on dark matter density in the universe. We reanalyse these bounds and in particular we focus on the dark matter bounds both considering the standard cosmological model and alternative cosmological scenarios. We briefly discuss the implications for phenomenology and in particular at the Large Hadron Collider. After that we update our analysis by using new limits from observables and adding recent Higgs boson measurements for the mass and signal strengths in different decay channels. (author)