White-rot fungi-mediated biodegradation of cytostatic drugs - bleomycin and vincristine

Highlights: • Biodegradation ability of two cytostatics was evaluated on five white-rot fungi. • The greatest bleomycin elimination was achieved with Trametes versicolor (CB8). • Four fungi removed >97% of the vincristine after two weeks. • Laccase was the only active extracellular lignin-modifying enzyme. • Fungi treatment result in reducing the toxic effects of both drugs. The contamination of the environment with anticancer drugs, which show recalcitrance to conventional wastewater treatment, has become a significant ecological threat. Fungi represent a promising non-conventional biological alternative for water conditioning. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of five white-rot fungi (Fomes fomentarius (CB13), Hypholoma fasciculare (CB15), Phyllotopsis nidulans (CB14), Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH) and Trametes versicolor (CB8)) in the removal of bleomycin and vincristine. The removal capacity was measured at 0, 4, 9, and 14 days of incubation using SPE-UPLC-MS. The enzymatic profiles of laccase, manganese, and lignin peroxidases and wide range of eco- and cytotoxicity, assays of the post-process samples were also conducted. We observed >94% vincristine elimination by F. fomentarius, H. fasciculare and T. versicolor after only 4 days. Bleomycin removal occurred after a minimum of 9 days and only when the drug was incubated with T. versicolor (36%) and H. fasciculare (25%). The removal of both cytostatics was associated with laccase production, and the loss of eco- and cytotoxicity, especially in regard to viability of Lemna minor and Daphnia magna, as well as fibroblasts morphology.