Beam and vacuum, CNRS permanent training

This manual is addressed to technicians and engineers working with the equipment used in acceleration of charged particles in molecular vacuum. Its goal its less than making a scientist from the reader but rather to convince him/her that the Vacuum Techniques becomes increasingly difficult at its borders and consequently its command requires increasingly precise knowledge in varied physical branches. The interactions between the beams, the residual gas and vacuum chambers imply complex processes which are described in this manual at the level of the practitioner's language. The interactions' effects could be either intentional or unescapable. In several cases these affect the pressure value what can disturb the equipment operation. This stage is of high level and rendering it fully profitable requires a knowledge background of Graduation + 2 post-graduation years and being familiar with low-pressure techniques. Numerous concepts are beyond this background and consequently the author cared to introduce the basic elements necessary for their assimilation what somehow made the exposition more difficult. Also, to made the text easier the demonstration of formulas was avoided and the reader was given further reading references. Instead the author has provided numerous examples of applications of these formulas in order to get the reader more familiar with their handling. The references are often general text books available easier than original publications. The manual contains the following sections: - Phenomenology; - Glossary; - 1. Basic notions; - 1.1. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution; - 1.2. Some simple motions of single particles; - 1.3. Collisions; - 1.4. Excitation and ionisation; - 2. Beam properties; - 2.1. The emittance; - 2.2. Collective effects in a gliding space; - 2.3. Synchrotron radiation; - 3. Beam - residual gas interaction; - 3.1. Coulomb scattering; - 3.2. Bremsstrahlung; - 3.3. Energy losses by ionisation; - 3.4. Photoabsorption and photoionisation; - 3.6. Plasma induced slowing-down; - 4. Surface properties; - 4.1. Crystal structure; - 4.2. Surface states. Residual gas - surfaces relations; - 4.3. Electron output work; - 5. Beam - wall interaction; - 5.1. Electron - wall interaction; - 5.2. Electron reflection and diffraction; - 5.3. Secondary electron emission; - 5.4. Induced desorption by electron impact; - 5.5. Photon production; - 5.6. Ion wall interaction; - 5.7. Ion reflection and backscattering; - 5.8. Sputtering; - 5.9. Ion penetration; - 5.10. Electron secondary emission under ion impact; - 5.11. Desorption induced by ion bombardment; - 5.12. Thermal emission and surface ionization; - 6. Radiation - wall interaction; - 6.1. Scattering; - 6.2. Attenuation; - 6.3. Photoelectric effect; - 6.4. Photon induced desorption; - 6.5. Pair production; - 6.6. Laser - surface interaction