Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography: Canadian experience

In 2003, the department of medical imaging at the University Health Network in Toronto, Ontario, became the first Canadian site of the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program (I-ELCAP). We report the results from the first 1000 baseline studies. Between June 2003 and December 2005, we enrolled 1000 high-risk smokers (that is, smokers with a history of a least 10 pack years, or the equivalent of one pack daily for 10 years), aged 55 years or older. A low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) (40 to 60 mA, 120 kV) was performed with 1.0mm to 1.25 collimation. Nodules found at baseline were followed according to the I-ELCAP protocol: 1) no noncalcified nodules (NCNs) or NCNs ≤ 4 mm or nonsolid nodules < 8 mm, annual repeat: 2) NCNs ≥ 5mm or nonsolid nodules ≥ 8 mm, 3-month follow up: or 3) nonsolid nodules ≥ 15 mm, antibiotics and 1-month follow-up. The first 100 study participants were aged 63 years, standard deviation (SD) 6 years, with a smoking history of 38 pack years, SD 22 pack years; 662 (66%) were former smokers, and 338 (34%) were current smokers; 453 (45%) were men, and 547 (55%) were women. Of the participants, 256 (26%) had a positive baseline low-dose computed tomography (LCDT) scan; 227 (23%) were followed after 3 months and 15 (1.6%) after 1 month; 7 (0.7%) received a contrast-enhanced CT and 6 (0.6%) an immediate CT-guided biopsy. Twenty-six invasive procedures were performed: 22 CT-guided biopsies, 1 ultrasound-guided lymph node metastasis biopsy, 1 bronchoscopic biopsy and 2 surgeries. The malignancy rate of the invasive procedures was 85%. Overall, the malignancy prevalence is 2.2%. Of the malignancies, 20 are lung carcinomas: 19 non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) (14 adenocarcinoma or bronchioalveolar carcinoma [BAC], 4 squamous carcinoma, and 1 large-cell carcinoma) and 1 small-cell carcinoma; 15 (78%) of the NSCLCs are Stage 1. Fourteen patients underwent surgery (1 pneumonectomy, 9 lobectomies, and 4 segmentectomies). Our results confirm that LCDT identifies small, early-stage, resectable lung cancer in a high-risk population. (author)