Form invariance and symmetry in the neutrino mass matrix

We present the general form of the unitary matrices keeping invariant the Majorana neutrino mass matrix of specific texture suitable for explaining oscillation data. In the case of the tri-bimaximal pattern with two degenerate masses, we give a specific realization of the underlying U(1) symmetry which can be uplifted to a symmetry in a complete theory including charged leptons. For this, we present a model with three light SM-like Higgs doublets and one heavy Higgs triplet and find that one can accommodate the hierarchy of the charged-lepton masses. The lepton mass spectrum can also be achieved in another model extending the SM with three SM-singlet scalars transforming nontrivially under the flavor symmetry. We discuss how such a model has room for generating enough baryon asymmetry through leptogenesis in the framework of type-I and -II seesaw mechanisms.