Crystal chemical incorporation of high level waste species in aluminotitanate-based ceramics: Valence, location, radiation damage, and hydrothermal durability

A compilation is made of the crystallographic mechanisms whereby (simulated) radwaste species are incorporated in the ''synroc'' phases zirconolite, perovskite, hibonite, and ''hollandite.'' From these data and consideration of the crystal chemical criteria of valence and effective ionic radii, the most probable host phases for transuranic isotopes are identified. The distinction is drawn between incorporation of radwaste species as dilute homogeneous, continuous solid solutions and as heterogeneous, noncontinuous solid solutions. It is shown that compositional variations at the nanometer level are frequently accompanied by the generation of new interstices within extended defects, which are suitable for the location of radwaste. Isotopes that are unstable towards beta and gamma decay lead to transmutation-induced changes in stoichiometry. Crystallochemical mechanisms that minimize structural disruption during the formation of radiogenic species are discussed. Thermally promoted recovery of metamict phases, which were rendered aperiodic by direct atomic displacements of alpha-recoil nuclei, are examined in terms of recrystallization via the hierarchial arrangement of space groups. An evaluation is made of the hydrothermal durability of synroc phases under conditions likely to be experienced by the wasteform should the repository be breached by groundwaters shortly after disposal