Comparison of risks and benefits among different energy systems

The public and occupational health effects of five centralized electricity generating systems are compared assuming each type supplies one GWa(e) of energy. Results show large uncertainties in estimates especially with regard to coal. The health effects from nuclear power are comparatively well understood. Quantification of effects in monetary units, as required by a cost/benefit analysis, indicates that these external costs are in the range of 1% or less for all energy systems considered. It is suggested that cost-effectiveness analysis (marginal cost/benefit analysis) provides a better tool for decisions on risk reduction measures. A more complex measure of risk is needed which includes additional parameters, particularly the uncertainty of the risk estimates. (Auth.)