Light nuclei production as a probe of the QCD phase diagram

It is generally believed that the quark-hadron transition at small values of baryon chemical potentials ${\mu }_B$ is a crossover but changes to a first-order phase transition with an associated critical endpoint (CEP) as ${\mu }_B$ increases. Such a ${\mu }_B$-dependent quark-hadron transition is expected to result in a double-peak structure in the collision energy dependence of the baryon density fluctuation in heavy-ion collisions with one at lower energy due to the spinodal instability during the first-order phase transition and another at higher energy due to the critical fluctuations in the vicinity of the CEP. By analyzing the data on the p, d and ³H yields in central heavy-ion collisions within the coalescence model for light nuclei production, we find that the relative neutron density fluctuation $\Delta {\rho }_n=〈{\left(\delta {\rho }_n\right)}^2〉/{〈{\rho }_n〉}^2$ at kinetic freeze-out indeed displays a clear peak at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=8.8\text{GeV}$ and a possible strong re-enhancement at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=4.86\text{GeV}$. Our findings thus provide a strong support for the existence of a first-order phase transition at large ${\mu }_B$ and its critical endpoint at a smaller ${\mu }_B$ in the temperature versus baryon chemical potential plane of the QCD phase diagram.