Red radiation and choline compounds influence growth and greening of wheat seedlings

The effects of 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCh), 2-ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Ch), and acetylcholine chloride (ACh) at concentrations of 1 microM-5 mM and of red radiation (R) pulse on growth, greening, and formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in etiolated wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum cv. Moskovskaya-35) were examined. A short-term application of cholines and R pulse simulated the first leaf growth and its appearance from coleoptile, and inhibited the coleoptile growth. CCh, Ch, and R were stimulators of greening and increased the photosynthetic activity, whereas Ach did not influence the process of greening. Joint effects of R with cholines on the growth and photomorphogenesis were greater than the individual ones, whereas far-red (FR) radiation decreased the influence of cholines