Mapping vortex-induced forces of oscillating bluff bodies from subcritical to critical Reynolds numbers

We conduct experimental investigations on vortex-induced forces of an oscillating bluff body across subcritical to critical Reynolds ($\mathrm{Re}$) number regimes, and reveal variations in different hydrodynamic components versus $\mathrm{Re}$, thereby addressing a gap in understanding at high $\mathrm{Re}$. Specifically, the drag crisis cannot be mitigated by vibration, the excitation force is sensitive to both $\mathrm{Re}$ and vibration parameters, and the sensitivity of added mass coefficient to vibration decreases at high $\mathrm{Re}$. We confirm that current prediction theory at lower $\mathrm{Re}$ are not applicable to the full-scale one, underscoring the necessity of $\mathrm{Re}$ effects on hydrodynamic inputs.