Automated MRI liver segmentation for anatomical segmentation, liver volumetry, and the extraction of radiomics

To develop and evaluate a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for automated liver segmentation, volumetry, and radiomic feature extraction on contrast-enhanced portal venous phase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This retrospective study included hepatocellular carcinoma patients from an institutional database with portal venous MRI. After manual segmentation, the data was randomly split into independent training, validation, and internal testing sets. From a collaborating institution, de-identified scans were used for external testing. The public LiverHccSeg dataset was used for further external validation. A 3D DCNN was trained to automatically segment the liver. Segmentation accuracy was quantified by the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) with respect to manual segmentation. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the internal and external test sets. Agreement of volumetry and radiomic features was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In total, 470 patients met the inclusion criteria (63.9 ± 8.2 years; 376 males) and 20 patients were used for external validation (41 ± 12 years; 13 males). DSC segmentation accuracy of the DCNN was similarly high between the internal (0.97 ± 0.01) and external (0.96 ± 0.03) test sets (p=0.28) and demonstrated robust segmentation performance on public testing (0.93 ± 0.03). Agreement of liver volumetry was satisfactory in the internal (ICC, 0.99), external (ICC, 0.97), and public (ICC, 0.85) test sets. Radiomic features demonstrated excellent agreement in the internal (mean ICC, 0.98 ± 0.04), external (mean ICC, 0.94 ± 0.10), and public (mean ICC, 0.91 ± 0.09) datasets. Automated liver segmentation yields robust and generalizable segmentation performance on MRI data and can be used for volumetry and radiomic feature extraction. Liver volumetry, anatomic localization, and extraction of quantitative imaging biomarkers require accurate segmentation, but manual segmentation is time-consuming. A deep convolutional neural network demonstrates fast and accurate segmentation performance on T1-weighted portal venous MRI.