From photoelectron detachment spectra of BrHBr⁻, BrDBr⁻ and IHI⁻, IDI⁻ to vibrational bonding of BrMuBr and IMuI

Photoelectron detachment XLX⁻(00⁰0) + hν → XLX(vib) + e⁻ + KER (X = Br or I, L = H or D) at sufficiently low temperatures photoionizes linear dihalogen anions XLX⁻ in the vibrational ground state (v₁v₂^lv₃ = 00⁰0) and prepares the neutral radicals XLX(vib) in vibrational states (vib). At the same time, part of the photon energy (hν) is converted into kinetic energy release (KER) of the electron [R. B. Metz, S. E. Bradforth, and D. M. Neumark, Adv. Chem. Phys. 81, 1 (1992)]. The process may be described approximately in terms of a Franck-Condon type transfer of the vibrational wavefunction representing XLX⁻(00⁰0) from the domain close to the minimum of its potential energy surface (PES) to the domain close to the linear transition state of the PES of the neutral XLX. As a consequence, prominent peaks of the photoelectron detachment spectra (pds) correlate with the vibrational energies E_XLX,vib of states XLX(vib) which are centered at linear transition state. The corresponding vibrational quantum numbers may be labeled vib = (v₁v₂^lv₃) = (00⁰v₃). Accordingly, the related most prominent peaks in the pds are labeled v₃. We construct a model PES which mimics the “true” PES in the domain of transition state such that it supports vibrational states with energies E_{XLX,pds,00⁰v3} close to the peaks of the pds labeled v₃ = 0, 2, and 4. Subsequently, the same model PES is also used to calculate approximate values of the energies E_XMuX,00⁰0 of the isotopomers XMuX(00⁰0). For the heavy isotopomers XHX and XDX, it turns out that all energies E_XLX,00⁰v3 are above the threshold for dissociation, which means that all heavy XLX(00⁰v₃) with wavefunctions centered at the transition state are unstable resonances with finite lifetimes. Turning the table, bound states of the heavy XLX are van der Waals (vdW) bonded. In contrast, the energies E_XMuX,00⁰0 of the light isotopomers XMuX(00⁰0) are below the threshold for dissociation, with wavefunctions centered at the transition state. This means that XMuX(00⁰0) are vibrationally bonded. This implies a fundamental change of the nature of chemical bonding, from vdW bonding of the heavy XHX, XDX to vibrational bonding of XMuX. For BrMuBr, the present results derived from experimental pds of BrHBr⁻ and BrDBr⁻ confirm the recent discovery of vibrational bonding based on quantum chemical ab initio calculations [D. G. Fleming, J. Manz, K. Sato, and T. Takayanagi, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 53, 13706 (2014)]. The extension from BrLBr to ILI means the discovery of a new example of vibrational bonding. These empirical results for the vibrational bonding of IMuI, derived from the photoelectron spectra of IHI⁻ and IDI⁻, are supported by ab initio simulations of the spectra and of the wavefunction representing vibrational bonding of IMuI